One-party state

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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system. In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or have limited and controlled participation in elections. The term "de facto one-party " is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.

Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population. Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into multi-party democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships. While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for independent candidates to stand for election in competition with party candidates. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races. For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations. They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.

One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data. To account for this, the regimes have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races. One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office. They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents. This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government. Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions. In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites. Data on one-party regimes can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.

Current one-party states

The following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country Head of party Leader title Party Ideology Date of establishment Duration Notes
image China
image
Xi Jinping 		General Secretary image Chinese Communist Party Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1 October 1949 75 years, 324 days Eight minor parties have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department
image Cuba
image
Miguel Díaz-Canel 		First Secretary image Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, Left-wing nationalism 3 October 1965 64 years, 127 days
image Eritrea
image
Isaias Afwerki 		Chairperson image People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism, Statism 16 February 1994 31 years, 186 days
image Laos
image
Thongloun Sisoulith 		General Secretary image Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 2 December 1975 49 years, 262 days
image North Korea
image
Kim Jong-un 		General Secretary image Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 9 September 1948 76 years, 346 days Two minor parties are legally recognised, but are under the control of the Workers' Party of Korea
image Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
image
Brahim Ghali 		Secretary General image Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism, Arab socialism 27 February 1976 49 years, 175 days State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria
image Vietnam
image
Tô Lâm 		General Secretary image Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 September 1945 79 years, 353 days Two minor parties, the Democratic Party of Vietnam and Socialist Party of Vietnam, had legal status within the Vietnam Fatherland Front until 1988

De facto one-party states

A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power. Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system. Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.

Country Party Date of establishment Information
image Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party 2010 Although Azerbaijan is officially a constitutional democracy, and opposition parties remain active within the country, the New Azerbaijan Party and the ruling Aliyev family have maintained power uninterrupted since 1993. Founded by Heydar Aliyev, the former head of state of the Azerbaijan SSR, his son Ilham Aliyev has maintained the presidential position since 2003. Aliyev amended the Constitution to remove term limits in 2009, and while presidential elections are held, Aliyev consistently receives over 80% of the vote. Legislatively, the National Assembly has nominal powers under the Azerbaijan Constitution, but in practice power is heavily concentrated in the ruling party. Between 1993 and 2010, major opposition parties were allowed some representation in the Assembly in each election. However, since 2010, no opposition parties have held seats in the Assembly. There are nominal opposition parties and independents but they are supportive of the Aliyev regime. Consequently, parliamentary elections are not considered free or fair.
image Cambodia Cambodian People's Party 2017 While Cambodia is constitutionally a multi-party state, the Cambodian People's Party dominates its political system, and the party dissolved its main opposition party in 2017, making Cambodia a de facto one-party state.
image Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement 1997 Although multiparty elections have been held since 1992 and other parties have minimal legislative seats, the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), the ruling party since independence, has always retained control of the National Assembly. The Cameroonian political system invests overwhelming power in the hands of the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, and the RDPC exists essentially to support Biya and his policies. The RDPC has held supermajorities in the National Assembly since 2002, and in the Senate since its formation in 2013.
image Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 2013 Equatorial Guinea, historically a one party-state under the PDGE from 1987-1992, has one nominal opposition party with the Convergence for Social Democracy. However, the opposition has only held at most 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies since 1999, and had held no seats in neither the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate since 2013. The PDGE, by comparison, has held all seats in the Senate since 2013 and in the Chamber of Deputies since 2022.
image Nicaragua Sandinista National Liberation Front 2021 Although Nicaragua has been practicing multiparty elections since 1990, the country has become a de facto one-party state with Sandinista National Liberation Front as the sole dominating party and was consolidated after the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.
image Rwanda Rwandan Patriotic Front 1994 Although Rwanda nominally allows for multiparty elections, they are manipulated in various ways, which include the banning of opposition parties, the arrests or assassinations of critics, and electoral fraud.
image Togo Union for the Republic 2024 The official continuation of the Rally of the Togolese People, which ruled Togo as a one-party state under Gnassingbe Eyadema from 1967-1994, the Union for the Republic has maintained power under Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbe, since its establishment in 2012. Although opposition parties exist within the country and other parties nominally hold seats in the National Assembly, the Union for the Republic has maintained an absolute majority since 2018 due to opposition boycotts while other represented parties only expedite the ruling party's legislation. This is demonstrated by the legislature's extension of Gnassingbe's term limit in 2019, extending it to 2030. With the 2024 Togolese parliamentary election, the UPLR received 108 seats out of 113, while also enabling Gnassingbe's revision of the Constitution to name him the "President of the Council of Ministers". With this position elected directly by Parliament over popular vote, the outright lack of term limits, and the removal of presidential powers from the President in favor of Gnassingbe directly, the party solidified Gnassingbe to rule for life like his father previously.
image Venezuela United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2017 Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the National Assembly and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly by Nicolás Maduro on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in 2024, at which point, because of new laws, the majority of opposition politicians have been disqualified and their organizations banned, leaving only a controlled opposition.

Former one-party states

Country Party Ideology Date of establishment Date of dissolution Duration Continent
image Republic of Afghanistan National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Republicanism, Secularism 14 February 1977 28 April 1978 1 year, 73 days Asia
image Democratic Republic of Afghanistan image People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Pashtun nationalism, Anti-imperialism 30 April 1978 24 December 1979 1 year, 238 days Asia
imageimage Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan image People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism 24 December 1979 28 July 1992 12 years, 217 days Asia
image Albanian Kingdom image Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia 2 June 1939 27 July 1943 4 years, 55 days Europe
image Albanian Kingdom Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism, Fascism 27 July 1943 8 September 1943 43 days Europe
image Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism 14 September 1943 29 November 1943 76 days Europe
imageimage Democratic Government of Albania image Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism, Albanian nationalism, State Atheism 20 October 1944 5 August 1945 289 days Europe
imageimage Democratic Government of Albania image Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) 5 August 1945 11 January 1946 159 days Europe
image Albania 11 January 1946 11 December 1990 44 years, 334 days Europe
image Algeria image National Liberation Front Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism 3 July 1962 23 February 1989 26 years, 235 days Africa
image People's Republic of Angola image People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 11 November 1975 30 May 1991 15 years, 200 days Africa
image Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 2 December 1920 30 December 1922 2 years, 28 days Asia
image Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 293 days Asia
image Federal State of Austria image Fatherland Front Clerical fascism 1 May 1934 13 March 1938 3 years, 316 days Europe
imageimageimage Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 April 1920 30 December 1922 2 years, 244 days Asia
image Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 293 days Asia
image Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Mujibism, Bengali nationalism, Socialism 24 January 1975 15 August 1975 203 days Asia
image Bangladesh Jatiya Party Bangladeshi nationalism, Conservatism, Authoritarianism, Militarism 11 March 1988 6 December 1990 2 years, 270 days Asia
image Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 15 December 1963 4 December 1965 1 year, 354 days Africa
image Benin image People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally) 30 November 1975 1 March 1990 14 years, 91 days Africa
image Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia image National Partnership Collaborationism, Nazism 6 April 1939 9 May 1945 6 years, 33 days Europe
imageimageimageimage Bulgaria image Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 15 September 1946 15 January 1990 43 years, 122 days Europe
image State of Burma Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon 1943 1944 1 year, 0 days Asia
image State of Burma Maha Bama Asi Ayon 1944 1945 1 year, 0 days Asia
image Burma image Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 2 March 1962 18 September 1988 26 years, 200 days Asia
imageimage Republic of Burundi image Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests 11 July 1974 13 March 1992 17 years, 246 days Africa
image Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 31 July 1920 30 December 1922 2 years, 152 days Europe
image Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism 22 March 1955 18 March 1970 14 years, 361 days Asia
imageimage Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism 7 January 1979 1 May 1989 10 years, 114 days Asia
imageimage Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent 1 September 1966 24 March 1985 18 years, 204 days Africa
image Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia 1975 1990 15 years, 0 days Africa
image Cape Verde image African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1 July 1975 20 January 1981 5 years, 203 days Africa
image Cape Verde image African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 20 January 1981 28 September 1990 9 years, 251 days Africa
image Carpatho-Ukraine Ukrainian National Union [uk] Nationalism 18 January 1939 March 1939 60 days Europe
image Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism 1962 1980 18 years, 0 days Africa
image Central African Republic Central African Democratic Union African nationalism, Republicanism 1 March 1980 2 September 1981 1 year, 185 days Africa
image Central African Republic Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism 6 February 1987 22 April 1991 4 years, 75 days Africa
image Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 16 April 1962 6 April 1973 10 years, 355 days Africa
image Chad National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 6 April 1973 13 April 1975 2 years, 7 days Africa
image Chad National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 24 June 1984 3 December 1990 6 years, 162 days Africa
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Hunan Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1927 Asia
Jinggang Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1927 1928 1 year, 0 days Asia
Southwest Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1930 1931 1 year, 0 days Asia
image Chinese Soviet Republic image Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 7 November 1931 22 September 1937 5 years, 319 days Asia
image Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1 August 1935 1 April 1942 6 years, 243 days Asia
image Republic of China/Taiwan image Kuomintang Tridemism 1 July 1925 15 July 1987 62 years, 14 days Asia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1937 1949 12 years, 0 days Asia
image Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 1982 1990 8 years, 0 days Africa
imageimage People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism 31 January 1969 18 March 1992 23 years, 47 days Africa
image Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism, Personalism, Authoritarianism 27 January 1917 12 August 1919 2 years, 197 days North America
image Czechoslovakia image Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism 25 February 1948 30 November 1989 41 years, 278 days Europe
image Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism, Republicanism 11 April 1961 13 November 1963 2 years, 216 days Africa
image Danzig image Nazi Party Nazism 21 October 1937 1 September 1939 1 year, 315 days Europe
image Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1 October 1981 4 September 1992 10 years, 339 days Africa
image Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism, Antihaitianismo 2 August 1931 28 December 1961 30 years, 148 days North America
imageimage East Germany image Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 7 October 1949 30 March 1950 174 days Europe
image Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 March 1950 1 December 1989 39 years, 246 days Europe
image Egypt Liberation Rally Egyptian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 10 February 1953 1957 4 years, 0 days Africa
National Union Nasserism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 1957 1962 5 years, 0 days Africa
Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1961 1976 15 years, 0 days Africa
image El Salvador image National Pro Patria Party Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy 1933 1944 11 years, 0 days Central America
image Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism, Totalitarianism 7 July 1970 25 August 1979 9 years, 49 days Africa
image Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism, Militarism 11 October 1987 16 November 1991 4 years, 36 days Africa
image Eritrea image Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

16 February 1994 3 years, 0 days Africa
image Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism, Personalism 9 March 1935 21 July 1940 5 years, 134 days Europe
image Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 1940 9 August 1940 19 days Europe
image Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 12 September 1984 22 February 1987 2 years, 163 days Africa
image Ethiopia image Workers' Party of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 22 February 1987 28 April 1991 4 years, 65 days Africa
image Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 12 March 1968 22 May 1990 22 years, 71 days Africa
image Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 25 February 1921 30 December 1922 1 year, 308 days Asia
image Transcaucasia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 293 days Asia
image Nazi Germany image National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism 14 July 1933 23 May 1945 11 years, 313 days Europe
image Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories image National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism 14 December 1941 6 May 1945 3 years, 143 days Europe
image Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 31 January 1964 24 February 1966 2 years, 24 days Africa
image Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism, Marxism–Leninism 13 March 1979 25 October 1983 4 years, 226 days North America
image Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism 1931 1944 Central America
image Guatemala imageNational Liberation Movement Neo-fascism, Ultraconservatism, Anti-communism 1954 1958 Central America
image Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1984 Africa
image Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1974 1991 Africa
image Haiti image National Unity Party Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism 14 June 1957 22 July 1985 28 years, 38 days North America
image Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation, Annexationism 4 July 1894 12 August 1898 4 years, 39 days North America
image Government of National Unity image Arrow Cross Party Magyarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism 16 October 1944 7 May 1945 203 days Europe
imageimageimage Hungary image Hungarian Working People's Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism 20 August 1949 31 October 1956 7 years, 72 days Europe
imageimageimage Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism 4 November 1956 16 October 1989 32 years, 350 days Europe
image Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism, Marhaenism 17 August 1945 3 November 1945 78 days Asia
image Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position 2 March 1975 1 November 1978 3 years, 244 days Asia
imageimage Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 14 July 1964 17 July 1968 4 years, 3 days Asia
imageimage Iraq image Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Saddamist Ba'athism, Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, militarism 17 July 1968 9 April 2003 34 years, 266 days Asia
image Fascist Italy image National Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism 17 May 1928 27 July 1943 Europe/Africa
image Italian Social Republic image Republican Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism 13 September 1943 28 April 1945 Europe
image Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1990 Africa
image Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism, Militarism 1940 1945 Asia
image Philippine Executive Commission image Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 8 December 1942 14 October 1943 310 days Asia
image Kampuchea image Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism 17 April 1975 7 January 1979 2 years, 265 days
image Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism 1969 (de facto)
1982 (de jure) 		1991 Africa
image First Republic of Korea Liberal Party Ilminism, Conservatism, Korean nationalism 17 December 1951 19 April 1960 Asia
image Third Republic of Korea Democratic Republican Party Korean nationalism, Conservatism, Corporatism 2 February 1963 12 December 1979 Asia
image Fifth Republic of Korea imageDemocratic Justice Party Conservatism, Authoritarianism 15 January 1981 16 December 1987 Asia
image Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism 10 April 1941 8 May 1945 4 years, 28 days Europe
image Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 17 December 1918 13 January 1920 1 year, 27 days Europe
image Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 1940 5 August 1940 Europe
image Liberia True Whig Party Black conservatism, Centralization, Protectionism, Whiggism (until 1940s) 1878 April 1980 Africa
image Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1971 1977 Africa
image Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 17 February 1919 17 July 1919 Europe
image Lithuania image Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism 1926 1940 14 years Europe
image Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 1940 3 August 1940 Europe
image Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism 1976 1989 Africa
image Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism 1964 1993 Africa
imageimage Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism 1960 1968 Africa
image Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism, Democratic centralism 1976 1991 Africa
image Manchukuo image Concordia Association Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism 1 April 1932 1 May 1945 Asia
image Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism 1961 1978 Africa
image Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Revolutionary nationalism, Big tent 4 March 1929 2 July 2000 71 years, 120 days North America
imageimageimageimage Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1921 29 July 1990 Asia
imageimageimageimage Mozambique image FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism 25 June 1975 1 December 1990 15 years, 159 days Africa
image Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1974 Africa
image Niger National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 1989 1991 Africa
image Vietnam (partially) image Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 September 1945 1946[citation needed] Asia
image North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 1955 2 July 1976 Asia
image North Yemen image General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent 1982 1988 Asia
image National Government image National Rally Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism 25 September 1940 8 May 1945 4 years, 225 days Europe
image Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party İttihadism 11 June 1913 1918 Asia/Europe
image Paraguay image Colorado Party Conservatism, national conservatism 1947 1962 South America
image Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1920 1921 Asia
image Republic of the Philippines image Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 14 October 1943 17 August 1945 Asia
imageimageimage Poland image Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 5 February 1947 20 July 1982 Europe
imageimage Poland image Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 20 July 1982 7 April 1989 Europe
image Portugal image National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 30 July 1930 8 October 1945 Europe
image Portugal image National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 31 January 1948 September 1969 Europe
image Portugal image People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 1970 25 April 1974 Europe
image Romania image National Renaissance Front Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism 16 December 1938 6 September 1940 Europe
imageimage National Legionary State image Iron Guard Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism 6 September 1940 23 January 1941 Europe
imageimageimageimage Romania image Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism 5 February 1948 1968 Europe
imageimageimage Romania image Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1968 1980 Europe
imageimageimageimage Romania image Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 1980 29 December 1989 Europe
image Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 1965 1973 Africa
image Rwanda image National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism 1978 1991 Africa
image San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism, Corporatism 1926 1943 Europe
image San Marino Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 1943 1944 Europe
image Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism, African socialism 1966 1974 Africa
image Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism, Marxism-Leninism 1979 1991 Africa
image Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism, Democratic socialism 1978 1991 Africa
image Slovak Republic image Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism 14 March 1939 8 May 1945 Europe
image Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism

Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism

July 1976 26 January 1991 Africa
image People's Republic of Southern Yemen image National Liberation Front,

image Yemeni Socialist Party

Arab nationalism, Arab socialism 30 November 1967 31 October 1978 Asia
image People's Democratic Republic of Yemen image Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 31 October 1978 22 May 1990 Asia
image Democratic Republic of Yemen image Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 21 May 1994 7 July 1994 Asia
image Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 29 November 1918 5 June 1919 188 days Europe
imageimage Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 8 March 1918 30 December 1922 4 years, 297 days Europe/Asia
imageimage Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 19 January 1918 8 March 1918 48 days Europe/Asia
imageimageimageimage Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 December 1922 31 December 1925 3 years, 1 day Europe/Asia
imageimageimageimage Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism 31 December 1925 13 October 1952 26 years, 287 days Europe/Asia
imageimageimage Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 13 October 1952 9 October 1990 37 years, 361 days Europe/Asia
image Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism 1924 1930 Europe
image Spanish State image FET y de las JONS Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism 1 April 1939 6 July 1976 Europe
image Democratic Republic of the Sudan image Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism 1971 1985 Africa
image Sudan National Congress Party Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism 1989 2005 Africa
image Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western 1953 1954 Asia
image Syrian Arab Republic image Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism 8 March 1963 27 February 2012
8 December 2024 (de-facto) 		Asia
image São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1975 1990 Africa
image Tanganyika image Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa 1961 1977 Africa
image Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa, African socialism 1977 1992 Africa
image Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 1962 1963 Africa
image Togo Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism, Right-wing populism 1969 1991 Africa
image Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism, Arab nationalism, secularism 1963 1964 Africa
image Tunisia Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism 1964 1981 Africa
image Turkey (one-party period) image Republican People's Party Kemalism 1923 1945 Asia/Europe
image Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party 1992 2008 Asia
imageimageimageimageimageimageimage Tuva image Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 14 August 1921 11 October 1944 Asia
image Uganda image Uganda People's Congress Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1969 1971 Africa
image Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 10 March 1919 30 December 1922 Europe
image United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism 1958 1961 Africa
image Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 1960 1966 Africa
image Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism 1929 1931 Europe
imageimage Yugoslavia image League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism 29 November 1945 22 January 1990 Europe
image Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité 1970 1990 Africa
image Zambia image United National Independence Party African socialism, African nationalism 1972 1990 Africa
image Zanzibar image Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 1964 1977 Africa

See also

  • Dominant-party system
  • Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
  • Multi-party system
  • Outline of democracy
  • Political factionalism
  • Political organisation
  • Two-party system
  • Uniparty
  • Unitary parliamentary republic
  • Landslide victory

Notes

  1. Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.
  2. The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  3. Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
  4. While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remained a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtails independent political activities.

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