Directorial system
| Part of a series on |
| Politics |
|---|
 |
|
 Politics portal |
Parliamentary systems: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature.
Presidential system: Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature.
Hybrid systems:
Other systems:
Note: this chart represents the de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.
| Part of the Politics series |
| Basic forms of government |
|---|
| List of forms · List of countries |
| Politics portal |
A directorial system is a political system governed by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government.
Current directorial systems
]Countries with directorial heads of state sharing ceremonial functions:
Andorra: co-princes
Bosnia and Herzegovina: presidency
Eswatini: Ngwenyama and Ndlovukati
San Marino: Captains Regent
Countries governed by a directorial system:
Nicaragua: co-presidents
San Marino: Congress of State
Switzerland: Federal Council
Supranational and subnational entities governed by a directorial system:
European Union: European Council and European Commission
Northern Ireland: First Minister and deputy First Minister
Switzerland: cantons, municipalities
Directorial republic in Switzerland
]One country now using this form of government is Switzerland, and to a lesser extent San Marino, where directories rule all levels of administration, federal, cantonal and municipal. On the face of it, the Swiss Federal Council might appear to be a typical parliamentary government; technically, however, it is not a meeting of ministers, but a college of heads of state and simultaneously the federal cabinet. The current president of the confederation is in fact only a primus inter pares (first among equals) with representative functions in particular for diplomacy with other States, without any power either of direction or of coordination of the activity of colleagues. The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Federal Assembly for four years, and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters.
History
]In political history, the term directory, in French directoire, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), New England Confederation (1643–1686), partially in First Stadtholderless Period of Dutch Republic (1650–1672), Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and the Directory of 1795–1799 in France.
The French Directory was inspired by the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with the president in fact only primus inter pares (first among equals). Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Directorial systems have a lower presidentialism metric value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.Military juntas differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizing sortition to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system.
Former directorial systems
]In the past, countries with elected directories included:
- Bohemian Revolt from 1618 to 1620
New England Confederation from 1643 to 1686
Commonwealth of England from 1649 to 1653
Dutch Republic partially in First Stadtholderless Period from 1650 to 1672
Pennsylvania - Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1790
First French Republic - French Directory from 1795 to 1799
Cisalpine Republic from 1795 to 1799
Cispadane Republic from 1796 to 1797
Roman Republic (1798–1799) from 1798 to 1799
Parthenopaean Republic in 1799
Costa Rica - The Town's Legates Junta and High Government Junta from 1821 to 1823
Roman Republic (1849) from 1849 to 1850 (Triumvirate)
Ukrainian People's Republic - Directorate of Ukraine from 1918 to 1920
Republic of China - National Government - from 1928 to 1947
Uruguay - National Council of Administration from 1919 to 1933 and National Council of Government from 1952 to 1967
East Germany - State Council of East Germany from 1960 to 1990
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - All-Union Central Executive Committee from 1922 to 1938; Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1938 to 1989
Polish People's Republic - State Council of the Polish People's Republic from 1952 to 1989
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Presidency of Yugoslavia, de jure from 1971, de facto from 1980 to 1991.
See also
]- Athenian democracy
- Collegiality
- Group representation constituency
- Executive (government)
References
]- "Switzerland | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Population, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- Pierre Cormon (2014). Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners. Ginevra: Slatkine.
- Buchs, Aurélia; Soguel, Nils (2022-04-01). "Fiscal performance and the re-election of finance ministers–evidence from the Swiss cantons" (PDF). Public Choice. 191 (1): 31–49. doi:10.1007/s11127-021-00949-z. ISSN 1573-7101. S2CID 246371550.
- Directory (French history) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (November 1, 2017). "Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3066654. SSRN 3066654 – via Social Science Research Network.
- Directory (Ukrainian ruling body) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Collective heads of state
- Collective heads of government
- Power sharing
- Separation of powers
- Types of democracy
- Types of republics
wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mobile, phone, android, ios, apple, mobile phone, pc, web, computer, Information about Directorial system, What is Directorial system? What does Directorial system mean?
Leave a Reply
Want to join the discussion?Feel free to contribute!