Kurdish emirates

The Kurdish emirates, Kurdish chiefdoms or Kurdish principalities (Sorani Kurdish: میرنشینە کوردیەکان) were various semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran. The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other. The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah Safi and the Ottoman caliph Sultan Murad IV in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.

The eyalet of Diyarbakir was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of Diyarbakir.

Policy during the Ottoman-Persian Wars

The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the Ottoman-Persian wars, to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the Treaty of Erzurum in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish chiefdoms under direct control.

List

Major emirates

• Ardalan
• Bahdinan
• Baban
• Bitlis
• Bohtan
• Bradost
• Donboli
• Eğil
• Genç
• Hakkari
• Emirate of Hasankeyf
• Principality of Hizan [tr]
• Kilis
• Mahmudi Principality
• Mukriyan
• Palu
• Pazooka
• Soran
• Principality of Suleyman
• Tercil
• Daseni
• Shekak
• Milan (tribe)
• Koçgiri

Minor emirates

• Abagay (between Muradiye and Doğubayazıt)
• Ağcakale
• Aghakis (Göllü, Tatvan District)
• Albak
• Arabgir
• Awraman
• Principality of Atak [tr]
• Bâne
• Bayezid
• Bargiri
• Belican
• Çaan Gedig
• Çeğni
• Çemişgezek
• Çermik
• Daratang
• Darna
• Dasini
• Derzini
• Diyadin
• Dulkıran
• Eruh
• Goran
• Görgil
• Principality of Gürdükan [tr]
• Hançük
• Hemkerdan
• Emirate of Hezo [ku]
• Hûdî (Didan Tribe)
• Ispayird (Sürücüler, Hizan District)
• İspir
• Janpollat
• Kârkâr (Daldere, Gevaş district)
• Kızuçan
• Kurnê
• Kiğı
• Lesser Lur (Lur-i Kuchek)
• Mahidasht
• Mazgirt
• Mifariqın
• Mihrani (Mihrani Kalesi in Hazro District)
• Mücenkürd
• Principality of Müks [tr]
• Pasin
• Pertek
• Palangan
• Pünyanişi (Somay)
• Qulp
• Sağman
• Sasun
• Siirt
• Sindi
• Siyah Mansûr
• Somay
• Suveydi (Çapakçur)
• Şemdinan (Istuni, Sitûnê village, Mergasor District)
• Şirvan (Kufra)
• Şıtak
• Terza
• Uşni
• Zakho
• Zangana
• Zeriki (Sarıca, Şemdinli District)
• Zerza (Zerzan tribe)
• Zirqan (Zeyrek)

See also

• Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
• List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
• Ayyubids
• Shaddadids
• Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan

Notes

1. KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII) Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
2. Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ..., p. 49, at Google Books By Hakan Özoğlu
3. "The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800)". The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Core. 2017. pp. 64–92. doi:10.1017/9781316848579.005. ISBN 9781107181236.
4. "The Ottoman conquest of Dyarbekir and the administrative organization of the province in the 16th and 17th centuries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
5. Yadirgi, Veli (2014). "2.1 Administrative division of the eyalet of Diyarbekir, 1527-1792". The political economy of the kurdish question in turkey: de-development in eastern and southeastern anatolia (PhD in Development studies thesis). School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. S2CID 127814515.
6. Genç, Vural (April 11, 2019). "Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers". Der Islam. 96 (1): 78–111. doi:10.1515/islam-2019-0003. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
7. Özcoşar, İbrahim (September 21, 2020). "KÜRTLER". İslâm Ansiklopedi. Türkiye Diyanet Foundation. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
8. Çiftçi, Erdal (November 6, 2017). "Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier". Middle Eastern Studies. 53 (2): 270–288. doi:10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623. hdl:11693/50068. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
9. Dankoff, Robert (June 1, 1990). Evliya Çelebi in Bitlis. Brill. p. 12. ISBN 9004092420.
10. Alanoğlu, Murat (December 2016). "1642 Tari̇hli̇ avâriz defteri̇ne göre kızuçan (pülümür) kazâsı". Journal of History School. 28: 109–140. doi:10.14225/Joh999. Retrieved December 16, 2024.

References

• Evli̇ya Çelebi̇ in Diyarbekir: the relevant section of The seyahatname, p. 19, at Google Books By Evli̇ya Çelebi̇, Martin van Bruinessen, Hendrik Boeschoten